13th century

(12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries)

• Fourth through eighth crusades of western European kingdoms against Islam
• Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors
• Mongols under Genghis Khan conquer and rule over most of Asia and Eastern Europe, establish Mongolian dynasty in China. Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam.
• Marco Polo and his family reach China
• James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia.
• Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia.
• Persian historian Rashid al-Din[?] records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
• The Thai Kingdom of Sukothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Malaysia.

Significant people

• Alexander of Hales, philosopher and theologian
• Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian
• Thomas Aquinas, theologian
• Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order
• Roger Bacon, Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
• Bonaventure, Franciscan theologian
• Petrus Peregrinus, scientist
• Robert Grosseteste, English statesman and theologian
• Louis IX of France, St. Louis, French king and crusader
• Frederick II, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
• Dante, Italian writer
• Ramon Llull, Majorcan philosopher

Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions

Decades and Years

1190s	1190	1191	1192	1193	1194	1195	1196	1197	1198	1199
1200s	1200	1201	1202	1203	1204	1205	1206	1207	1208	1209
1210s	1210	1211	1212	1213	1214	1215	1216	1217	1218	1219
1220s	1220	1221	1222	1223	1224	1225	1226	1227	1228	1229
1230s	1230	1231	1232	1233	1234	1235	1236	1237	1238	1239
1240s	1240	1241	1242	1243	1244	1245	1246	1247	1248	1249
1250s	1250	1251	1252	1253	1254	1255	1256	1257	1258	1259
1260s	1260	1261	1262	1263	1264	1265	1266	1267	1268	1269
1270s	1270	1271	1272	1273	1274	1275	1276	1277	1278	1279
1280s	1280	1281	1282	1283	1284	1285	1286	1287	1288	1289
1290s	1290	1291	1292	1293	1294	1295	1296	1297	1298	1299
1300s	1300	1301	1302	1303	1304	1305	1306	1307	1308	1309